This study investigated the mental health outcomes of COVID-19 survivors that used services provided by the Veterans Health Administration. A cohort of 153,848 individuals previously infected with COVID-19 was compared with a 5,637,840 individuals in a non-infected control group, as well as a historical control group of 5,859,251 indivduals that did not experience the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to the non-COVID cohort, the COVID-19 cohort exhibited increased depressive disorders (hazard ratio 1.39; 85% CI [1.34, 1.43]), and anxiety disorders (HR 1.35; 95% CI [1.30, 1.39]). The COVID-19 cohort also exhibited increased use of antidepressants (HR 1.55; 95% CI [1.50, 1.60]), benzodiazepines (HR 1.65; 95% CI [1.58, 1.72]), opioid use disorders (HR 1.34; 95% CI [1.21, 1.48]), and non-opioid substance use disorders (HR 1.20; 95% CI [1.15, 1.26]). Hazard ratios were increased for those who experienced hospitalization for COVID-19.